Psychology of the crisis

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The G7 countries are available with beautiful words and without concrete measures against the financial crisis, which has already registered Japan or Spain

In Japanese Tokyo, the seven leading industrialist (G-7) came together on Saturday. The Ministers of Finance and central bank chiefs have advised the turbulence on the financial market and the risks for the global economy, which ame the US credit crisis. But over appeal formulas was not much to hear from the crisis summit, concrete measures were again not decided. The market responded, and also professional optimists on the borse slowly goes out the puffs. That the European Central Bank (ECB) has not lowered the key interest rates last week, love the borsen again on descent.

That psychology can have a rough impact on the developments of the global economy is known. Therefore, the G7 states US, Japan, Germany, Canada, Great Britain, France and Italy now agreed in Tokyo to avoid negative terms in order not to worsen the situation further. That was the signal that went out of the Mini Summit in London. Not even from a threatening recession in the US, before which was clearly warned on the Davos World Economic Summit, has been spoken. They had consequences for the entire global economy. There would "Uncertainty" Because of the weak of the US economy, one has agreed on a bondling language regulation. In the joint explanation, it is hopefully farther, the corner data of the global economy is still solid. Spoken is from a slowdown setting that can be different in individual countries. In the US, growth has "obscure". There were also risks, such as high raw material prices, the extension of the problems at the US mortgage market or inflation hazards.

"We are ready to take further necessary measures in order to stabilize the financial market and ensure that the international integration of financial markets and financial instruments continues to work for the benefit of the global economy", If you read in the Close Communique. The improvement of the liquidity and risk management of the banks and more transparency is required. The risks now had to be laid out loseless, there should be better cooperation with the supervisory authorities and the role of the International Truth Fund (IMF) should be initiated as a warning device. Concretely, one agreed on no steps. Each country has to take money and fiscal actions, "which are appropriate for the respective conditions", it is called nebulos.

The German Finance Minister Peer Steinbruck was still talking in the run-up to recessive tendencies in the US economy. He also saw in credit card financing or car loans. No one knew how high these risks are and whether they realized. He just estimated the depreciation requirement of the US mortgage crisis with $ 400 billion. Since there were only about 200 billion in the books of the banks, despite the praising words from Tokyo with persistent terror reports over the entire year is expected.

In order not to dangerous to the awarded unit, individual G7 states could not be invited to concrete measures. Neither the extreme price decline of the dollar nor that of the yen will be mentioned in the final recognition. The fact that a recession is threatened in Japan shows the price decline in Japanese preservation. The yen has almost lost half of his value since the millennium opposite the euro – in the last twelve months alone, the minus was twelve percent. Way advice you had in Tokyo only for other parate. In the face of its continued rising current account surplus and its high inflation, China was thus urged to allow a faster appreciation of the Yuan. The oil-producing countries were also prompted, "to increase their mistress", To reduce the high price.

European central bank under prere

Also, the pessimism of the Prasident of the European Central Bank (ECB) Jean-Claude Trichet is not reflected in the explanation. Although the ECB had left the key interest rates last week for another four weeks to 4 percent, while Trichet had opened the ture for early interest rate cuts. Unlike in the previous month, in spite of the high inflation, interest rate cuts no longer closed categorically. At the press conference after the interest rate decision, he has arbitrarily stressed that the economic risks have grown significantly. "The economic cooling in the most important trading partners will slow the growth in the euro zone", he said.

It is not only under the prere of the market and politics, but on Thursday is an important bonded to the Bank of England. According to the two coarse interest rate cuts of the US Federal Reserve on the meantime 3 percent, the British Central Bank also lowered the key interest rate by a quarter percentage point and thus stimulates the demands to stimulate the weakness economy in the Great Britain. However, unlike the ECB, the Bank of England has much more scope. Finally, the interest rate level with 5.25% is continued at a high level and the inflation rate in December of 2.1 percent next to the target mark of 2 percent.

Of these, Trichet can not speak. The ECB inflation target of 2 percent is constantly infering in the distance. Compared to the previous year, the Eurostat’s European Statistics Agody accounted for 3.2 percent inflation at the end of January. This achieved the inflation at the beginning of the year the highest value since the introduction of the euro. The ECB had to are the interest rate actually, if you care about your task, to ensure the interest rate. The fact that the ECB and Trichet do not even speak of it shows, unlike the positive positivism, which is afraid of the outside, her fear of giving the economy in the euro area in the exhorted strudel. In general, the financial markets had not expected no interest rate cut by the ECB, but the boron courses were in the basement after the interest decision of the ECB. Because in the parquet you can see the dangers and expects significant steps to meet the negative developments. Nautical words like in London or Tokyo help little. General is expected that the actual crisis is still imminent. Therefore, the degree clarification of the G-7 makes the investors only a little courage. Ryohei Muramatsu from Commerzbank in Tokyo, demanding urgent solutions for his two large worries that sound very different than the G7 states: "A collapse of the financial market and a US economy on the way to the recession".

Spain in the crisis: 4.4 percent inflation

In Tokyo, it was claimed to raise no economic programs in Europe as in the US and see no need for it. But that’s not true. Spain has long begun. Inflation celebrated in the country with official 4.4 percent in January again a new record. In this case, the Caixa-Bank determined, is for the average spanner the inflation on the basic cart already at 7.9 percent. Fuel and milk filed the list with an increase in price of 31 percent, the bread price rose by more than 16 percent, eggs by nearly 10 percent and fruits by almost 8%.

Despite allegedly high economic growth of proud 3.8 percent in 2007, unemployment has been continuously increasing since last summer. In January, 132 came again.000 unemployed added. That’s equal to 6.2 percent more than in the previous month and it is the highest increase that has ever been recorded since the end of the dictatorship in 1975. Officially, 2.3 million people are now without a job. The fact that the majority of the new unemployed persons comes from the service sector shows that the real estate crisis and the price increases have broken out on the general consumption.

So it is not just campaign tactics that Minister Prosident Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero wants to send a tax credit from 400 euros in June in June. It is also a vote of votes, because the law must have the socialists (PSOE) on 9. Marz win the elections, but also to targeted economic policy. The sum corresponds to about the $ 600, which will also receive consumers in the US about the economic stimulus program to boost consumption in view of a recession. Meanwhile, Zapatero has begun to expand the maaking. Even self-standing should be enjoyed by tax events to enjoy the injection. This will add another 700 million euros to the treasured funf billions, which should cost the concealed economic stimulus program.

He now openly admits that the country’s economic data, which,, in 2008 according to the government, expects growth of 3.1 percent, are not good. Therefore, additional billions of public expenses are to be pumped into the draining construction industry. What had been foreseeable for years, Minister of Economics Pedro Solbes, once EU Commissioner for Economics, has not seen: "It is true that we have not foreseen that real estate financing became so severely affected", he said. Last year alone, 30 have.000 – 40.000 real estate agentburg made densely, the specialist association announced. This makes it clear what out of the real estate crisis has already adopted in Spain. Four years ago, the socialists also approved that people must be faulted on life to come to an apartment. It is to be expected that Spain is only the beginning and ashesic programs will therefore be placed in other EU countries.

Revolutionary calculations carried out

The asteroid 6489 Golevka was on 10. May 1991 Discovered at Mount Palomar by Eleanor Helin. The name of this asteroid is reminiscent of the multinational radar observations in June 1995. The 70-M Goldstone antenna sends out the radio pulses and the radar echos are received by the Russian 70-M antenna in Evpatoria and the Japanese 30-M antenna in Kashima. Therefore, the name Goldstone Evpatoria-Kashima.

On the example of the approximately 500-meter gross stone brocken, it has become possible in May of this year to confirm the Yarkovsky effect. For the asteroid had previously passed the earth in profit, namely in 1991, 1995 and 1999 and will no longer be so close to the career of the earth in our generation. Steven R.Chesley from the Jet Proulsion Laboratory and employees of three other bodies have dedicated themselves to science of this task and thus a presentation of David Vokrouhlicky under modified Doppler examinations from Puerto Rico and California realized.

Can the Yarkovsky effect regroup the asteroids?

The asteroid 6489 Golevka.

Basically, it’s about a model in which the Yarkovsky effect is described by a number of physical parameters. In addition, the revolution time, the surface conductivity and the surface density pay. This in turn is dependent on the intensity of the backposting force and the room density, wherein the latter is determined exclusively by the mass of the asteroid.

Radar probe residuen from the Golevka quantities (Residuen are the difference between the measured position and computerized forecast).

For asteroids such considerations are the first of their kind. They will draw more and have the way to determine the physical circumstances of each NEA. Nea as "Near Earth Asteroids" be interpreted when the asteroids approached the sun as 195 million kilometers.

6489 Golevka can manage the earth up to 13 times the moon removal and is classified as a potentially dangerous object. In addition, he ares as an earth train cruiser to the family of Apollo Asteroids. Many small asteroids are trumberhes, which are held together by gravity, but 6489 Golevka seems to be a struggled, massive boulders. By 2046, the last chance is to judge its orbit near the earth.

Golevka in the game of the solar system

The Yarkovsky effect, from the Russian-Polish researcher I.O.Yarkovsky made for the first time 100 years ago, science has made considerably richer. Basically, it is a situation that is one of our world: a day-night rhythm of asteroids. For example, the afternoon of an asteroid is warm than his morning because the sunlight long has fallen on him. Or the morning side rotates more slowly than the warm afternoon side. The episode is an asymmetric weak rocket engine. Thus, the spin, the movement of the asteroids as the engine works: Safe when the spin moves away from the sun, easy, D.H. Slower as soon as the movement leads to the sun.

The fact that this results from different course shows, for example, the works Asteroid Families – Long-Term Dynamical Evolution due to Chaotic Diffusion and Yarkovsky Effect. They demonstrate a tremendous diversity, namely day and years of dependencies. There are also changes to the coarse half-axis and YORP processes (The Recent Breakup of Asteroid in the Main-Belt region (Nature 417, 720-771 (13 Jun 2002)). This is called: Instead of a rule-right course, the activity of the asteroids is changed a bit each time.

This again explains that over the years, the circulation of the body is suddenly brought into a gravitational level. The asteroids come into resonance and are sometimes included in the internal solar system. Or they fall oler than so far suspected of the earth. Nevertheless, such course shows that the long-term prognosis of asteroids and the long-term prediction for dangerous collisions with the earth in the emptiness.

For example, Giorgini and his colleagues (Science 296: 132-136 (2002)) involve the known factors, such as the prere of solar radiation and the gravitational effect in their calculation. However, how close the asteroid will come from the earth, this results from the non-well-known physical data: coarse, shape, mass, revolution speed and the way you reflect light and warm in space.

Scientific support of these observations Joseph Spitale supplied from the University of Arizona in Tucson (Science 296: 77 (2002)). For this purpose, Josef Spitale develops a complicated model with which the railway of a sky corporation is described – taking into account the Yarkovsky effect. In his calculations, the researcher has reviewed to what extent has a change of these properties to the train of the three asteroids 6489 Golevka (500 meters in diameter), 1566 icarus (one kilometer diameter) and 1620 geographers (2.5 kilometers diameter). His result: The distraction is coarse enough over decades and works best with the small corps. In this respect, the results of Steven R.Chesley An important assessment. Make it clear that the Yarkowsky effect is much more impact on the asteroids can be made than previously thought.

Anthropozan: How humanity symbolizes in the roasting

Image: USDA

Scientists are trying to show why the Bratlothe has best demonstrated the anthropogenic transformation of the biosphare since the industrial mass husbandry from the 1950s

British geologists and archaeologists have raised the mast or brather (broiler) to the symbol of anthropozan. Gallus Gallus Domesticus show in his morphological differences to related species and by his mass, like man the earth and life on her through the exploitation of resources and the changing of diet. Whether you have roughly gained something about knowledge, the maschuhn as an outstanding "Sign of a converted biosphere" To portray for art archaeologists, you can leave it. But it is already impressive and frightening, what the scientists have worked out the speed and the exhaustion of the industrialization of animal breeding based on the mast hall and its development. With the propagation of the farm animals, the biodiversity and the number of wild animals dwind.

Of the mast tambs, there are now more than all the other bird together, also much more than any other bird bird birds (Ganse 0.3 billion, ducks 1.1 billion) or other pets. Scattered 65.8 billion cocks were slaughtered in 2016. The difference to pigs – 1.5 billion and cattle – 0.3 billion – is considerable. Also, as far as the tons of meat are concerned, the chicken will soon be tuned (120 million tons). The scientists, however, write in their article, which appeared in Journal Royal Society Open Science, that much more cocklars could be slaughtered than the scatzt. The lifespan of the cocks before the slaughter is just 5-7 weeks – egg-laying chicken were average one year ago. The early end of both has to do with economic considerations. Anyway, there is permanently to give the 22.7 billion-living cocks. If their lifespan is only 5-7 weeks, then much more than 66 billion are produced in any case.

Whose cadavers, which arise during the rearing or after recycling, land in the mull and pile up there potentially. Sometimes it comes to mass penetrations when millions of chickeners are destroyed, for example, because of bird flu. The mass of KadaVern is one of the reasons for the scientists, why "broiler" should apply as a sign of anthropozan. The Cadavers were widely used biostratigurically as the most important fossils of anthropozan in the sediments. Their mass of equal other materials made by humans, which depend on like plastic, concrete or spherical rub particles that arise through burning fossil energy. Chicken bones become, as the chicken consumption continues to rise, mass in garbage charges, where they can be preserved and mumification, or other accumulations around the world.

The ancestors of the maschluhns, the Bankivahuhn (Gallus Gallus), has in captivity a life between 3 and 7 years and is significantly smaller. It was attracted 8000 years ago in Asia, 3000-2000 arrived before our era for Central Asia and in two waves 700 and 100 years before our era to Europe to spread over the whole world. From the 16. Century took the weight by selective breeding, but then stopped until the middle of the 20. Century. So it took a long time until a mass rearing has begun with appropriate technique, so that the chicken, which also gently changed by mutations, and, for example, a reproduction all year round, grow faster and raise a multiple of weight. Only from the 1950s, the cocks began dramatically by breeding and massively growing as biomass. It originated "Vertical integration systems" (Brutstatten, farms, slaughterhouse, processing systems and marketing) of industrial chicken farms, which are responsible in the USA for 97 and worldwide for 70 percent of production.

Industrial chiefs can not survive without a technical system

Today’s industrial chickens, which have a four- or five times so coarse weight as in the 1950s, can only survive in the technical breeding systems, they are nervous, they have numerous bone pathologies, the fertilization takes place, as well as the eggs are skipped But, the cups are then pulled into ten thousands in farms under climate-controlled moisture rapidly pulled up a few weeks as a cartridge until they are slaughtered. In an attempt, cache not only 5, but 9 weeks grow and live, the mortality rate increased to seven times, which have already installed an obsolescence as an industrial product. The rapid growth of the breast and leg muscles leads to a reduction of other organs such as the heart or the lungs, which influences their function and causes a lifetime for a lifetime. In addition, the center of gravity is relocated further down, which leaves with the increase in the breast muscle mass to exercise problems or for a laying: "Unlike other NeoBiota, this new cockroach morphotypus is shaped through intensive human intervention and not fahig without living her."

Industrial chicken breeding also gives agriculture, because the feed now consists mainly of corn or wheat, but also fishmeal and waste from eggs, chickeners and cuke, to increase protein intake. Recently tried to increase the protein intake by insect flour. Cockets have the coarse food efficiency against other livestock. For example, the rural flax is smaller than pigs or cattle, but still the land consumption and nitrogen emissions by dungem means is more than twice as high as the cultivation of rice, wheat or potatoes.

"The arrival of the fast growing morphotypus in the 1950s", So the conclusion of the scientists, "and his suppure of industrial farms worldwide, can be seen as almost simultaneous global sign of the changes in biosphare, which is currently operated by humans and technosphare. … Hearch symbolize the transformation of the biosphare to adapt them to human consumption patterns, and they show a clear potential to become a biostratiolological nature of anthropozan."

European central bank under prere

Spain in the crisis: 4.4 percent inflation

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