Lady

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The board game "lady" is solved: The computer program Chinook has calculated all possible and confirmed itself to be unbeatable

If your PC offers you a loose game of lady in the future – beat the invitation better, the computer wants to demonstrate you only his presentation. For at some point in the Fruhen Middle Ages in Sudfrankreich board game is now fully solved, as Canadian researchers of the University of Alberta describe in Edmonton in the current ie of the Science Magazine Science. The scientists did not hung themselves for months at the plaid lady board – they have been working on the computer for themselves. In mathematics, the computer guided, so calculated, evidence now no longer unusual – they are not so elegant as others, but quite solid.

Lady was played by the computer program Chinook, which already has a certain reputation in the Ladegemeinde and had already played in 1994 against human opponents to the world championship title. The problem (for the Chinook 1997 as an active player be sent in pension) was quite no small: 500 billion billion positions were to be paid out. The result: If both players always select the optimal allowance, the Damiel game is not to be gained.

This amption is not new to the lady base, but it was now confirmed. The scientists reached in three steps. First, they constructed an end game database that contains a maximum of ten stones remaining on the board all possible results. The database was already calculated in 2005.

It was about to evaluate that to the positions in the final database to evaluate. A program part designed a tree structure of the question in question, a second calculated the tree structure. Since 2004, a average of 50 computers around the clock has been working with this task – in real time, this will only be going to loose in a few years. However, the complete proof was stored, but only the search tree. The researchers violate the complete proof of a storage capacity of some ten terabytes required. But it can be reinstated at any time each branch of the tree.

Chinook played the British-American version of the game, checkers or also called Draghts. It uses an 8×8 board and differs from the lady variant known in this country by that the ladies (English "Kings") can not move anywhere, but always only one field diagonally. This affects them in the final: during a single "German" lady up to three enemy ladies always escape and thus a draw can achieve perfectly drawing US players usually also in the final two against one.

The story of the experiment, Lady to Losen is also a history of computer technology. When Chinook in 1989 began to avoid an end game database for a maximum of eight stones, the software needed on the then current computers still seven years. The same invoice was completed in 2001 during a month. The researchers also describe what practical problems their computer proof of lady solution was.

For example, hard disk manufacturers guarantee only one error frequency of 1 (10 high 13). Because of the enormous coarse of the final database (237 gigabytes for a ten-position database) therefore the so-called "bit-red" had to be excluded, the random tipping of bits. Therefore, there are always several copies of the database that are traced for correctness. Nevertheless, for example, the Chinook programmer can not complete transmission errors completely. The probability that one in the 40. TRAKE stored mistakes slippered to the end game, however, keep them low.

Heavier, there will be another program developed by the same team: Polaris, a poker software, wants to be 50 in the coming week against two human poker professionals.000 Dollar prize money.

The first successful long-distance teleportation of quantum

At the University of Geneva, a team of quantum physicists has succeeded in telepanting quantities on a distance of two kilometers. Under the title "Long-Distance Teleportation of Qubits at Telecommunication Wavelength" Report the researchers in the current ie of the Science Magazine Nature.

Photon source, image: University of Geneva

Scotty, Beam Me Up, There is No Intelligent Life On This Planet! If you look at the policy this day, you could send this saying as a stobstick in the orbit. But for the gland, there is still the science in which intelligence manifests.

During the cinema, the crew of the spaceship Enterprise just smoothly on the surface of planets and backbeams (cf. A space album room between clone and clown), fight on earth the physicists around the beam of quantums about low distances. In the realitat, the beam of matter or energy is not possible, only the transmission of the ultimate structure of objects. This process is called in science teleportation (cf. The art of teleportation). Now Geneva Quantum Physicians have managed to set up a new world record, because of laboratory to laboratory, the experiment at least chuckled two kilometers using a fiber optic cable. The first successful long-distance teleportation of quantum.

Teleportation Call the researchers to produce an exact copy of a quantum system in another place by exploiting. The original propertyless (informative), D.H. It sums up all its properties and then itself "wash out", Substance of its information. It is not a real copy process, but a complete information transfer. For a long time, beamed was as an impossible, ten years ago, IBM scientists showed that it is indeed performable, but the original is destroyed. Only the copy "supervised" and becomes the carrier of the transferred information (cf. Quantum Teleportation). In 1997, the breakthrough came: the physicist Anton Zeilinger and his team of the University Innsbruck managed the first experimental quantum teleportation (cf. "It ultimately turns out that information is an essential basic building block in the world"To). The distance was very low, the route in the laboratory not further than a meter.

Teleportation Scheme, Image: Uni Geneva

I. Marcikic, H. De Riedmatten, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden and N. Gisin from the University of Geneva has now telepported Qubits over two kilometers of standard telecommunication light conductors from a laboratory to another. Qubits (Q bits), ie quantum bits, are two-dimensional quantum systems, the units of quantum information. They correspond to the classic bit in the quantum world. They consist like other bits from two identified with numbers 1 and o. For the teleportation, this usually works on the polarization (cf. Quantation teleportation – usable for information transfer?To). However, qubits can also exist in a surpose of these two circumstances, a non-specific zwitter state according to the Schrodeinger cat, which is called superposition (cf. Quantum in chaos and not logic in the quantum world).

The group of Swiss quantum physicists has these two-dimensional quantum systems transferred from photons of a particular wavelength to 55 meters away photons of another wavelength. The two 55 meters distant laboratories were connected by a two-kilometer fiber optic cable. The quantum mechanics oriented their experimental setup essentially points at the Teleportation of the Innsbrucker (cf. Quantum Teleportation), but their qubits are not through polarization, but in superposition and the shift of so-called "Time bins", Special time sections encoded (cf. Time-bin, Entangled Qubits for Quantum Communication Created by Femtosecond Pulse, PDF!To).

All this brings us the beam as a transport form for man unfortunately not really closely. The upgraded transporters will probably be there in the distant future only in the Star Trek Universe (cf. The beam). Nevertheless, the researchers are confident that there will be practical applications for their development. Backing up:

The first (and for the time being only implementable) application of quantum teleportation is quantum communication. Here it can help to extend quantum cryptographic to a coarse distance.

Other quantum physicists, on the other hand, promise to use future use in the area of quantum communication more from continuous variables instead of qubits (cf. Bob and Eve do it in quantum country).

Corona crisis USA: with the fabric in the Hamptons

Hamptons. Image: Jrbalch333 / Pixabay License

Poverty, hunger and leaflet: Greater parts of the US population are threatened by an economic disaster, class differences

The negotiations between the Republicans and the Democrats over the increased unemployment insurance of 600 US dollars per week last. The positions are so different that they are difficult to overrun, reports Politico. The subsidy of the US government to unemployed help ran out of last Friday.

From the point of view of World Socialiste Web Site The differences are not rough enough to promote the negotiations with the necessary political will. For both the party of Democrats like the Republicans and the Trump Administration had the same class interest and were in principle the same goal pursuing: millions of workers about the threat of poverty, hunger and leaflet "to force back to work to produce profits for the capitalist class, whether they engraving the risk of the Corona virus pandemic."

The figures, which present the website to the consequences of the reduction of state grants, give clear signs for the fact that an economic catastrophe threatens coarse parts of the US population: Since the moratorium for observational breakdowns of tenants in buildings, the moratorium for observational breaks off last week the federal government were secured, "could be about 18 million of 44 million tenant households in the USA".

According to estimates of a consulting and investment banker, eleven million households have fluttered to flutter into the house in the next four months. Bitter prospects prophesent Barry Gray in the German edition of the WSWS

The deletion or shortening of the subsidy aid will lead to a significant increase in hunger and even hungry death in the USA. Already almost 40 million people are out of it, they can not afford their aspirable rent or mortgage payments. During the week, the on 21. July ended, almost 30 million people explained, they had not had enough to eat.

Barry Gray

You can argue about this duster prognosis, including whether the different negotiation positions between Democrats and Republicans to continue the Corona exceptional help, which also reproduces the report of Barry Gray, politically in one and the same class stew.

But to reality, whereupon in the English-language report of the socialist website is made aware: that the average member is in the US Congress of Millionar. This results in another view of the hard ones that meet the masses, so the website.

The average congressman is noticeable as the lightest disquiot or sympathy that meant the shortening of extra payment for unemployment understatement for the masses, it sees Patrick Martin. He also has a suitable speculence for his thesis, namely the US finance minister Steven Mnuchin, who treats the million unemployed as a herd and scattered on a comb.

The unemployment expense "overpaid", so multimillionar mnuchin. The unemployed was only part of the work, less help is exactly the incentive they have to do in this sense, Mnuchin has already looked several times and with this view, which is widespread as a hard / incentive principle worldwide, he is not alone , not in the US.

If there are also incentives, there are also non-socialist ocons the approach that there are economically better goods to support the unemployed in such a drastic crisis in order not to continue to drive the economy by saving, caution and fear in a depressive direction (that For example, here is set out here in a variable short).

As a remarkable assessment of the exclusive worldwide trips of wealthy, the Financial Times report should be referred to a report of the class struggle in the title. In the article "So class strings", The newspaper refers to descriptions, such as super-rich in the Hamptons, the Corona-related failure of exclusive summer camps compensated by expensive events with tennis art and competence consultants on their coarse estate and reveluber.

That the Wall Street Journal is an article with a splendid self-lob – "The families created activity tarpaulins who gave their children structure, Exercise and Entertainment and some recovery for the parents" – Last week on page one raised ("cover"), shortly after dramatic figures of the US economic crisis were known, the author of the financial newspaper wisted to their readers at many weekends with their magazine "How to Spend It" The beautiful expensive life suggests.

Such a report at this time was given every unemployed person enough reason to fetch a wist fork and to drive the Hamptons, so the author. The article of Wall Street Journals (WSJ) became the rage more food than any "Guillotine meme". Also this perspective goes off by a narrow viewing angle. The WSJ is probably only read by a particular class and be taken seriously.

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